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Stories · Social Rethinks

10 Moments in World History That Made Us Rethink What Is Possible

Ten turning points that challenged accepted limits and changed how humanity understood knowledge, health, freedom, distance and possibility.

Rethink Society Programme · 122 articles

The Rethink Society 122-Article Programme

Every question in the programme, numbered 01 to 122 and grouped by series.

WHY DOES THIS EXIST? · 12

  1. 01Why Do We Have Time Zones?
  2. 02Why Does the Week Have Seven Days?
  3. 03Why Are There 60 Minutes in an Hour?
  4. 04Why Do We Drive on Different Sides of the Road?
  5. 05Why Do Countries Have Borders?
  6. 06Why Do Countries Have Flags?
  7. 07Why Do We Have National Anthems?
  8. 08Why Do We Have Weekends?
  9. 09Why Do We Have Public Holidays?
  10. 10Why Do We Shake Hands?
  11. 11Why Do We Say “Hello” When We Answer the Phone?
  12. 12Why Do We Use the Latin Alphabet?

BIOGRAPHY: THE QUESTION BEHIND THE PERSON · 10

  1. 13Einstein: What Did He Actually Change?
  2. 14Marie Curie: Why Was Her Work So Important?
  3. 15Alan Turing: What Did He Actually Do?
  4. 16Ada Lovelace: Was She Really the First Computer Programmer?
  5. 17Leonardo da Vinci: Why Was He So Far Ahead of His Time?
  6. 18Socrates: Why Did He Never Write a Book?
  7. 19Aristotle: How Did One Man Influence So Many Fields?
  8. 20Ibn Sina: Why Is Avicenna Still Important?
  9. 21Hannah Arendt: What Did She Mean by “The Banality of Evil”?
  10. 22Nikola Tesla: What Did Tesla Actually Invent?

HOW DID WE GET HERE? · 12

  1. 23How Did the Internet Become What It Is Today?
  2. 24How Did Cities Become So Large?
  3. 25How Did Democracy Become a Global Political Ideal?
  4. 26How Did English Become a Global Language?
  5. 27How Did Universities Begin?
  6. 28How Did Newspapers Change Society?
  7. 29How Did Advertising Become So Powerful?
  8. 30How Did Television Change the World?
  9. 31How Did Social Media Change Friendship?
  10. 32How Did Smartphones Change Everyday Life?
  11. 33How Did the Modern Office Come Into Existence?
  12. 34How Did the Eight-Hour Workday Begin?

THE THINGS WE TAKE FOR GRANTED · 17

  1. 35Why Do We Have Passports?
  2. 36Why Do We Have Surnames?
  3. 37Why Do Schools Have Uniforms?
  4. 38Why Do We Have Traffic Lights?
  5. 39Why Do We Have Elevators?
  6. 40Why Do Supermarkets Work the Way They Do?
  7. 41Why Do Shopping Carts Exist?
  8. 42Why Do Public Libraries Exist?
  9. 43Why Do We Have Street Addresses?
  10. 44Why Do We Have Fingerprints?
  11. 45Why Do We Have Calendars?
  12. 46Why Do We Use Currency?
  13. 47Why Do We Queue?
  14. 48Why Do We Get Receipts?
  15. 49Why Are Clothing Sizes Standardized?
  16. 50Why Do Emergency Numbers Exist?
  17. 51The Fall of the Berlin Wall

WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED? · 7

  1. 52What Actually Happened During the Cuban Missile Crisis?
  2. 53The Moon Landing
  3. 54What Actually Happened When the Titanic Sank?
  4. 55What Actually Happened During the Salem Witch Trials?
  5. 56What Actually Happened at Chernobyl?
  6. 57What Actually Happened During the French Revolution?
  7. 58The Printing Press

WHAT IS...? · 12

  1. 59What Is Consciousness?
  2. 60What Is Intelligence?
  3. 61What Is a Human Right?
  4. 62What Is Democracy Actually For?
  5. 63What Does Freedom Mean?
  6. 64What Is Justice?
  7. 65What Makes a Country a Country?
  8. 66What Is a Nation?
  9. 67What Is Money?
  10. 68What Is Privacy?
  11. 69What Makes Something Art?
  12. 70What Makes Something Scientific?

WORDS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD · 10

  1. 71Where Did the Word “Democracy” Come From?
  2. 72Where Did the Word “Freedom” Come From?
  3. 73What Does “Republic” Actually Mean?
  4. 74Where Did the Word “Robot” Come From?
  5. 75Why Do We Call It “Cyber”?
  6. 76Where Did the Word “Quarantine” Come From?
  7. 77Why Is “OK” Called OK?
  8. 78Where Did the Word “Algorithm” Come From?
  9. 79Why Do We Call It a “Pandemic”?
  10. 80Where Did the Word “Utopia” Come From?

SCIENCE QUESTIONS · 12

  1. 81Why Is the Sky Blue?
  2. 82Why Does the Earth Have Seasons?
  3. 83Why Do We Dream?
  4. 84Why Does Gravity Exist?
  5. 85What Is Time?
  6. 86What Happens Inside a Black Hole?
  7. 87Could Humans Live on Mars?
  8. 88Why Do We Age?
  9. 89Why Can't We See Dark Matter?
  10. 90What Is DNA Actually Doing?
  11. 91How Did Life Begin?
  12. 92What Makes Something Alive?

THE INVENTION THAT CHANGED... · 12

  1. 93The Invention That Made Modern Refrigeration Possible
  2. 94The Invention That Made Air Travel Possible
  3. 95The Invention That Put Electricity Inside the Home
  4. 96The Invention That Changed How We Communicate
  5. 97The Invention That Made Mass Photography Possible
  6. 98The Invention That Changed Medicine Forever
  7. 99The Invention That Made Modern Computing Possible
  8. 100The Invention That Changed How We Navigate
  9. 101The Invention That Made the Modern City Possible
  10. 102The Invention That Made the World Smaller
  11. 103What Is Money?
  12. 104Why Do We Use Currency?

MONEY, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY & HUMAN BEHAVIOUR · 18

  1. 105Who Invented Banking?
  2. 106Why Do Banks Exist?
  3. 107What Is Inflation?
  4. 108Why Does Inflation Happen?
  5. 109What Is Debt?
  6. 110When Did Credit Cards Begin?
  7. 111How Did Computing Begin?
  8. 112What Is the Internet?
  9. 113How Did the Web Become the Web?
  10. 114Why Did Smartphones Become So Powerful?
  11. 115Why Do Cities Exist?
  12. 116Why Do Governments Exist?
  13. 117Why Do Laws Exist?
  14. 118Why Do Societies Create Institutions?
  15. 119Why Do Humans Follow Rules?
  16. 120Why Do We Form Groups?
  17. 121Why Do We Copy Other People?
  18. 122Why Do Humans Believe Things That Are Not True?

Rethink Society Series

Read in sequence

Curated editorial journeys that connect consecutive articles around one question, movement or turning point.

Ideas · Moving Pictures · 12 articles

12 Moving-Picture Rethinks That Changed Society

Moving pictures as a technology, cultural institution and social force — changing how images were made, experienced, regulated, represented and understood.

01 / 12

Stories · Activism · 12 articles

12 Activism Rethinks That Changed Society

Organised people who helped change laws, institutions, political systems, public norms or community conditions across different regions and eras.

01 / 12

Ideas · Music · 12 articles

12 Musical Rethinks That Changed Society

Music-history moments in which technology, communities, artists or new creative practices changed what society believed music could be.

01 / 12

Culture · Art History · 10 articles

Art That Made Humanity Rethink Itself

10 transformative moments in world art history — from the first images made on stone to the machines now generating pictures of their own.

01 / 10

Culture · Flagship collection · 10 articles

10 Cultural Revolutions That Made Humanity Rethink Society

Learn the story. Understand the context. Rethink society.

01 / 10

Ideas · 10 articles

Ideas Worth Rethinking

A collection of ideas that challenged assumptions and changed how we understand society, humanity and what is possible.

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Topics

  • People

    Portraits, voices and lives — the people whose experiences shape how we understand society.

  • Society

    How we live together — work, inequality, belonging, institutions and the systems around us.

  • Culture

    Music, language, art, ritual and the everyday habits that quietly tell us who we are.

  • Art

    Visual culture, art history and the images that reshape how we see the world.

  • Music

    Sound, song and the musical movements that changed how we listen and live.

  • Ideas

    Arguments, theories and questions that ask us to reconsider something we took as settled.

  • History

    The past that still shapes the present — events, memory and the record we inherit.

  • Stories

    Moments worth sharing — narratives that stay with us long after the last line.

  • Activism

    Collective action that produced meaningful social, political, legal, environmental or community change.

  • Architecture

    Built environments, spatial ideas and the structures that shape how humanity lives, gathers and imagines the future.

  • Landscape

    Places where geology, climate, ecology, settlement and memory make us rethink humanity’s relationship with the planet.

  • Engineering

    Systems, structures and practical breakthroughs that changed what humanity could build, move, power, connect and repair.